Social exclusion
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Contents |
Social Exclusion is a combination of material deprivation, insuficient access to social rights, a low degree of social participaion, and lack a of normative integration. Social Exclusion has become a key issue on the agenda of most policy makers especially in Europe.
Introductory
Social exclusion relates to the alienation or disenfranchisement of certain people within a society. It is often connected to a person's social class, educational status and living standards and how these might affect their access to various opportunities. It also applies to some degree to the disabled, to racial minorities, women and to the elderly. Anyone who deviates in any perceived way from the norm of a population can become subject to coarse or subtle forms of social exclusion.
For more information about this subject, see the corresponding Wikipedia article.
In depth
SOCIAL EXCLUSION AS A CONCEPTUALISATION; Although Social exclusion has come to widespread use recently, this does not necessarily mean that the phenomena to which it refers is new as well. It was already in existence for decades in many European nations and elsewhere. Once social exclusion had become a prominent item on county's policy agenda, attention began to focus on defining and specifying the concept more closely. The policy to fight social exclusion has to be evaluated,and to do this it is necessary to establish it entails; what indicators can be used to esatblish it existence, and which factors influence it. It has also intensified specific debates on it meaning considerably,and till now policy makers have not been with a generally accepted scientific concept. Some assessment shows it indirect definition,while others are direct and would be preferable for policy evaluation purposes as advocated by researcher "Levitas 2006."
AS A RISK FACTOR; According to a UK governmental agency(Social exc. Unit 2001),"Social exclusion is a short-hand term for what can happen when people or area suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low income, poor housing,high crime rates,bad health, and family breakdown." In this regard social exclusion is seen as a potential consequence of a number of "risk factors" without that consequence being spelled out or implicit. By indicating which factors influenc the risk factors,do not observe Social exclusion itself,rather its potential causes mainly focus on individual risk factors.
SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND POVERTY; Is mailny a policy goal shifted from combating poverty to reduce Social exclusion.
DIFFERENCES; STATIC CONDITION vs DYNAMIC PROCESS; poverty is a static condition relating to a given income situation or standard consumption parterns at a certain moment. Social exclusion is dynamic and has to do with the process through which people become excluded. ABSOLUTE vs RELATIVE CONCEPT; poverty is an absolute lack of something,like income level required to for the fulfilment of their basic needs.Social exclusion there is no absolute demarcation point, but only be assessed in a relative way by comparing circumstances visa vis others in the same social historical context.
DISTRIBUTIONAL vs RELATIONAL FOCUS; poverty is distribution of economic aspects of disadvantage in income or consumption. Social exclusion relation and soico-cultural aspects as solidarity, social bonds and participation, integration engagement,discrimination,and norms of social citizenship(reciprocity, mutual obligations)or materials versus non materials.
ENDOGENUOUS vs.EXOGENOUS AGENCY; Refers to individual or collective actors bring about shortage. Poverty typically analyzed at individual or household level,which mainly characterised the disadvantages themselves,and regarded as endogenous. Social exclusion derives from a 'lack of communal resources' in individual neighbourhood and social network, security, and infrastructure, in which the excluded may have little or no control over such exogenous factors.
Examples
A clear example of Social Exclusion is South Africa during the Apatheid.[1]
Sources, further reading, links
- weblink to source 1
- weblink to source 2
- Author, source 3 book title, edition, publisher, year, ISBN
